Sir Isaac Newton
Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton
(age 46)
Born 4 January 1643
[OS: 25 December 1642][1]
Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth
Lincolnshire, England
Died 31 March 1727 (aged 84)
[OS: 20 March 1726][1]
Kensington, Middlesex, England
Residence England
Nationality British
Fields physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, Christian theology
Institutions University of Cambridge
Royal Society
Royal Mint
Alma mater
Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors Isaac Barrow[2]
Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4]
Notable students Roger Cotes
William Whiston
Known for Newtonian mechanics
Universal gravitation
Infinitesimal calculus
Optics
Binomial series
Newton's method
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Influences Henry More[5]
Polish Brethren[6]
Influenced Nicolas Fatio de Duillier
John Keill
Signature
Notes
His mother was Hannah Ayscough. His half-niece was Catherine Barton.
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726])[1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the most influential people in human history. His 1687 publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually called the Principia) is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope[7] and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.
Newton was also highly religious, though an unorthodox Christian, writing more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than the natural science for which he is remembered today.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Life
o 1.1 Early life
o 1.2 Middle years
1.2.1 Mathematics
1.2.2 Optics
1.2.3 Mechanics and gravitation
o 1.3 Later life
o 1.4 After death
1.4.1 Fame
1.4.2 Commemorations
o 1.5 In popular culture
• 2 Religious views
o 2.1 Effect on religious thought
o 2.2 Views of the end of the world
• 3 Enlightenment philosophers
• 4 Counterfeiters
• 5 Laws of motion
• 6 Apple analogy
• 7 Writings
• 8 See also
• 9 Footnotes and references
• 10 References
• 11 Further reading
o 11.1 Religion
o 11.2 Primary sources
• 12 External links
o 12.1 Writings by him
Life
Early life
Main article: Early life of Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643 [OS: 25 December 1642][1] at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. At the time of Newton's birth, England had not adopted the Gregorian calendar and therefore his date of birth was recorded as Christmas Day, 25 December 1642. Newton was born three months after the death of his father, a prosperous farmer also named Isaac Newton. Born prematurely, he was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug (≈ 1.1 litres). When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabus Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. The young Isaac disliked his stepfather and held some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: "Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them."[8] While Newton was once engaged in his late teens to a Miss Storey, he never married, being highly engrossed in his studies and work.[9][10][11]
Newton in a 1702 portrait by Godfrey Kneller
Isaac Newton (Bolton, Sarah K. Famous Men of Science. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889)
From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham (where his signature can still be seen upon a library window sill). He was removed from school, and by October 1659, he was to be found at Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, where his mother, widowed by now for a second time, attempted to make a farmer of him. He hated farming.[12] Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education. Motivated partly by a desire for revenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the top-ranked student.[13]
In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge as a sizar — a sort of work-study role.[14] At that time, the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, but Newton preferred to read the more advanced ideas of modern philosophers, such as Descartes, and of astronomers such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that would later become infinitesimal calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,[15] Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories on calculus, optics and the law of gravitation. In 1667, he returned to Cambridge as a fellow of Trinity.[16] Fellows were required to become ordained priests, something Newton desired to avoid due to his unorthodox views. Luckily for Newton, there was no specific deadline for ordaining and it could be postponed indefinitely. The problem became more severe later when Newton was elected for the prestigious Lucasian Chair. For such a significant appointment, ordaining normally could not be dodged. Nevertheless, Newton managed to avoid it by means of a special permission from Charles II (see "Middle years" section below).
Middle years
Mathematics
Newton's work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied".[17]
His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus is seen, for example, in a manuscript of October 1666, now published among Newton's mathematical papers.[18] A related subject was infinite series. Newton's manuscript "De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas" ("On analysis by equations infinite in number of terms") was sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669: in August 1669 Barrow identified its author to Collins as "Mr Newton, a fellow of our College, and very young ... but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things".[19]
Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of infinitesimal calculus. Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed infinitesimal calculus independently, although with very different notations. Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704, while Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in 1684. (Leibniz's notation and "differential Method", nowadays recognised as much more convenient notations, were adopted by continental European mathematicians, and after 1820 or so, also by British mathematicians.) Such a suggestion, however, fails to notice the content of calculus which critics of Newton's time and modern times have pointed out in Book 1 of Newton's Principia itself (published 1687) and in its forerunner manuscripts, such as De motu corporum in gyrum ("On the motion of bodies in orbit"), of 1684. The Principia is not written in the language of calculus either as we know it or as Newton's (later) 'dot' notation would write it. But his work extensively uses an infinitesimal calculus in geometric form, based on limiting values of the ratios of vanishing small quantities: in the Principia itself Newton gave demonstration of this under the name of 'the method of first and last ratios'[20] and explained why he put his expositions in this form,[21] remarking also that 'hereby the same thing is performed as by the method of indivisibles'.
Because of this, the Principia has been called "a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus" in modern times[22] and "lequel est presque tout de ce calcul" ('nearly all of it is of this calculus') in Newton's time.[23] His use of methods involving "one or more orders of the infinitesimally small" is present in his De Motu Corporum in Gyrum of 1684[24] and in his papers on motion "during the two decades preceding 1684".[25]
Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism.[26] He had a very close relationship with Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, who from the beginning was impressed by Newton's gravitational theory. In 1691, Duillier planned to prepare a new version of Newton's Principia, but never finished it. However, in 1693 the relationship between the two men changed. At the time, Duillier had also exchanged several letters with Leibniz.[27]
Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society (of which Newton was a member) accused Leibniz of plagiarism, and the dispute broke out in full force in 1711. The Royal Society proclaimed in a study that it was Newton who was the true discoverer and labelled Leibniz a fraud. This study was cast into doubt when it was later found that Newton himself wrote the study's concluding remarks on Leibniz. Thus began the bitter controversy which marred the lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in 1716.[28]
Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a precursor to Euler's summation formula), and was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series.
He was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669 on Barrow's recommendation. In that day, any fellow of Cambridge or Oxford was required to become an ordained Anglican priest. However, the terms of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder not be active in the church (presumably so as to have more time for science). Newton argued that this should exempt him from the ordination requirement, and Charles II, whose permission was needed, accepted this argument. Thus a conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican orthodoxy was averted.[29]
Optics
A replica of Newton's second Reflecting telescope that he presented to the Royal Society in 1672[30]
From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that a prism could decompose white light into a spectrum of colours, and that a lens and a second prism could recompose the multicoloured spectrum into white light.[31]
He also showed that the coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects. Newton noted that regardless of whether it was reflected or scattered or transmitted, it stayed the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of colour.[32]
From this work, he concluded that the lens of any refracting telescope would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours (chromatic aberration). As a proof of the concept, he constructed a telescope using a mirror as the objective to bypass that problem.[33] Building the design, the first known functional reflecting telescope, today known as a Newtonian telescope,[33] involved solving the problem of a suitable mirror material and shaping technique. Newton ground his own mirrors out of a custom composition of highly reflective speculum metal, using Newton's rings to judge the quality of the optics for his telescopes. In late 1668[34] he was able to produce this first reflecting telescope. In 1671, the Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope.[35] Their interest encouraged him to publish his notes On Colour, which he later expanded into his Opticks. When Robert Hooke criticised some of Newton's ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public debate. Newton and Hooke had brief exchanges in 1679-80, when Hooke, appointed to manage the Royal Society's correspondence, opened up a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions,[36] which had the effect of stimulating Newton to work out a proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector (see Newton's law of universal gravitation - History and De motu corporum in gyrum). But the two men remained generally on poor terms until Hooke's death.[37]
Newton argued that light is composed of particles or corpuscles, which were refracted by accelerating into a denser medium. He verged on soundlike waves to explain the repeated pattern of reflection and transmission by thin films (Opticks Bk.II, Props. 12), but still retained his theory of ‘fits’ that disposed corpuscles to be reflected or transmitted (Props.13). Later physicists instead favoured a purely wavelike explanation of light to account for the interference patterns, and the general phenomenon of diffraction. Today's quantum mechanics, photons and the idea of wave–particle duality bear only a minor resemblance to Newton's understanding of light.
In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the theosophist Henry More, revived his interest in alchemy. He replaced the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles. John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that "Newton was not the first of the age of reason: He was the last of the magicians."[38] Newton's interest in alchemy cannot be isolated from his contributions to science; however, he did apparently abandon his alchemical researches.[5] (This was at a time when there was no clear distinction between alchemy and science.) Had he not relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of gravity. (See also Isaac Newton's occult studies.)
In 1704, Newton published Opticks, in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light. He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles, that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation "Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one another, ...and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Composition?"[39] Newton also constructed a primitive form of a frictional electrostatic generator, using a glass globe (Optics, 8th Query).
Mechanics and gravitation
Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition
Further information: Writing of Principia Mathematica
In 1679, Newton returned to his work on mechanics, i.e., gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets, with reference to Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679-80 with Hooke, who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society's correspondence, and who opened a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions.[36] Newton's reawakening interest in astronomical matters received further stimulus by the appearance of a comet in the winter of 1680-1681, on which he corresponded with John Flamsteed.[40] After the exchanges with Hooke, Newton worked out a proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector (see Newton's law of universal gravitation - History and De motu corporum in gyrum). Newton communicated his results to Edmond Halley and to the Royal Society in De motu corporum in gyrum, a tract written on about 9 sheets which was copied into the Royal Society's Register Book in December 1684.[41] This tract contained the nucleus that Newton developed and expanded to form the Principia.
The Principia was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. In this work, Newton stated the three universal laws of motion that were not to be improved upon for more than 200 years. He used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for the effect that would become known as gravity, and defined the law of universal gravitation.
In the same work, Newton presented a calculus-like method of geometrical analysis by 'first and last ratios', gave the first analytical determination (based on Boyle's law) of the speed of sound in air, inferred the oblateness of the spheroidal figure of the Earth, accounted for the precession of the equinoxes as a result of the Moon's gravitational attraction on the Earth's oblateness, initiated the gravitational study of the irregularities in the motion of the moon, provided a theory for the determination of the orbits of comets, and much more.
Newton made clear his heliocentric view of the solar system – developed in a somewhat modern way, because already in the mid-1680s he recognised the "deviation of the Sun" from the centre of gravity of the solar system.[42] For Newton, it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest, but rather "the common centre of gravity of the Earth, the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem'd the Centre of the World", and this centre of gravity "either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line" (Newton adopted the "at rest" alternative in view of common consent that the centre, wherever it was, was at rest).[43]
Newton's postulate of an invisible force able to act over vast distances led to him being criticised for introducing "occult agencies" into science.[44] Later, in the second edition of the Principia (1713), Newton firmly rejected such criticisms in a concluding General Scholium, writing that it was enough that the phenomena implied a gravitational attraction, as they did; but they did not so far indicate its cause, and it was both unnecessary and improper to frame hypotheses of things that were not implied by the phenomena. (Here Newton used what became his famous expression Hypotheses non fingo).
With the Principia, Newton became internationally recognised.[45] He acquired a circle of admirers, including the Swiss-born mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, with whom he formed an intense relationship that lasted until 1693, when it abruptly ended, at the same time that Newton suffered a nervous breakdown.[46]
Later life
Isaac Newton in old age in 1712, portrait by Sir James Thornhill
Personal coat of arms of Sir Isaac Newton[47]
Main article: Later life of Isaac Newton
In the 1690s, Newton wrote a number of religious tracts dealing with the literal interpretation of the Bible. Henry More's belief in the Universe and rejection of Cartesian dualism may have influenced Newton's religious ideas. A manuscript he sent to John Locke in which he disputed the existence of the Trinity was never published. Later works – The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728) and Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (1733) – were published after his death. He also devoted a great deal of time to alchemy (see above).
Newton was also a member of the Parliament of England from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701, but according to some accounts his only comments were to complain about a cold draught in the chamber and request that the window be closed.[48]
Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, a position that he had obtained through the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. He took charge of England's great recoining, somewhat treading on the toes of Lord Lucas, Governor of the Tower (and securing the job of deputy comptroller of the temporary Chester branch for Edmond Halley). Newton became perhaps the best-known Master of the Mint upon the death of Thomas Neale in 1699, a position Newton held until his death. These appointments were intended as sinecures, but Newton took them seriously, retiring from his Cambridge duties in 1701, and exercising his power to reform the currency and punish clippers and counterfeiters. As Master of the Mint in 1717 in the "Law of Queen Anne" Newton moved the Pound Sterling de facto from the silver standard to the gold standard by setting the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and the silver penny in favour of gold. This caused silver sterling coin to be melted and shipped out of Britain. Newton was made President of the Royal Society in 1703 and an associate of the French Académie des Sciences. In his position at the Royal Society, Newton made an enemy of John Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal, by prematurely publishing Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica, which Newton had used in his studies.[49]
In April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. The knighthood is likely to have been motivated by political considerations connected with the Parliamentary election in May 1705, rather than any recognition of Newton's scientific work or services as Master of the Mint.[50] Newton was the first scientist ever to be knighted.[47]
Towards the end of his life, Newton took up residence at Cranbury Park, near Winchester with his niece and her husband, until his death in 1727.[51] Newton died in his sleep in London on 31 March 1727 [OS: 20 March 1726],[1] and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His half-niece, Catherine Barton Conduitt,[52] served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on Jermyn Street in London; he was her "very loving Uncle,"[53] according to his letter to her when she was recovering from smallpox. Newton, a bachelor, had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate.
After his death, Newton's body was discovered to have had massive amounts of mercury in it, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.[54]
After death
Fame
French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived, and once added that Newton was also "the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to establish."[55] English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph:
Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;
God said "Let Newton be" and all was light.
Newton himself had been rather more modest of his own achievements, famously writing in a letter to Robert Hooke in February 1676:
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.[56][57]
Two writers think that the above quote, written at a time when Newton and Hooke were in dispute over optical discoveries, was an oblique attack on Hooke (said to have been short and hunchbacked), rather than – or in addition to – a statement of modesty.[58][59] On the other hand, the widely known proverb about standing on the shoulders of giants published among others by 17th-century poet George Herbert (a former orator of the University of Cambridge and fellow of Trinity College) in his Jacula Prudentum (1651), had as its main point that "a dwarf on a giant's shoulders sees farther of the two", and so its effect as an analogy would place Newton himself rather than Hooke as the 'dwarf'.
In a later memoir, Newton wrote:
I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.[60]
Newton remains influential to scientists, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of members of Britain's Royal Society (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Albert Einstein. Royal Society scientists deemed Newton to have made the greater overall contribution.[61] In 1999, an opinion poll of 100 of today's leading physicists voted Einstein the "greatest physicist ever;" with Newton the runner-up, while a parallel survey of rank-and-file physicists by the site PhysicsWeb gave the top spot to Newton.[62]
Commemorations
Newton statue on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Newton's monument (1731) can be seen in Westminster Abbey, at the north of the entrance to the choir against the choir screen, near his tomb. It was executed by the sculptor Michael Rysbrack (1694–1770) in white and grey marble with design by the architect William Kent. The monument features a figure of Newton reclining on top of a sarcophagus, his right elbow resting on several of his great books and his left hand pointing to a scroll with a mathematical design. Above him is a pyramid and a celestial globe showing the signs of the Zodiac and the path of the comet of 1680. A relief panel depicts putti using instruments such as a telescope and prism.[63] The Latin inscription on the base translates as:
Here is buried Isaac Newton, Knight, who by a strength of mind almost divine, and mathematical principles peculiarly his own, explored the course and figures of the planets, the paths of comets, the tides of the sea, the dissimilarities in rays of light, and, what no other scholar has previously imagined, the properties of the colours thus produced. Diligent, sagacious and faithful, in his expositions of nature, antiquity and the holy Scriptures, he vindicated by his philosophy the majesty of God mighty and good, and expressed the simplicity of the Gospel in his manners. Mortals rejoice that there has existed such and so great an ornament of the human race! He was born on 25 December 1642, and died on 20 March 1726/7. — Translation from G.L. Smyth, The Monuments and Genii of St. Paul's Cathedral, and of Westminster Abbey (1826), ii, 703–4.[63]
From 1978 until 1988, an image of Newton designed by Harry Ecclestone appeared on Series D £1 banknotes issued by the Bank of England (the last £1 notes to be issued by the Bank of England). Newton was shown on the reverse of the notes holding a book and accompanied by a telescope, a prism and a map of the Solar System.[64]
A statue of Isaac Newton, standing over an apple, can be seen at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
In popular culture
Main article: Isaac Newton in popular culture
Religious views
Main article: Isaac Newton's religious views
Newton's tomb in Westminster Abbey
According to most scholars, Newton was a monotheist who believed in biblical prophecies but was Antitrinitarian.[6][65] 'In Newton's eyes, worshipping Christ as God was idolatry, to him the fundamental sin'.[66] Historian Stephen D. Snobelen says of Newton, "Isaac Newton was a heretic. But ... he never made a public declaration of his private faith — which the orthodox would have deemed extremely radical. He hid his faith so well that scholars are still unravelling his personal beliefs."[6] Snobelen concludes that Newton was at least a Socinian sympathiser (he owned and had thoroughly read at least eight Socinian books), possibly an Arian and almost certainly an antitrinitarian.[6] In an age notable for its religious intolerance, there are few public expressions of Newton's radical views, most notably his refusal to take holy orders and his refusal, on his death bed, to take the sacrament when it was offered to him.[6]
In a view disputed by Snobelen,[6] T.C. Pfizenmaier argues that Newton held the Arian view of the Trinity rather than the Western one held by Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and most Protestants.[67] In his own day, he was also accused of being a Rosicrucian (as were many in the Royal Society and in the court of Charles II).[68]
Although the laws of motion and universal gravitation became Newton's best-known discoveries, he warned against using them to view the Universe as a mere machine, as if akin to a great clock. He said, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done."[69]
His scientific fame notwithstanding, Newton's studies of the Bible and of the early Church Fathers were also noteworthy. Newton wrote works on textual criticism, most notably An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture. He also placed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ at 3 April, AD 33, which agrees with one traditionally accepted date.[70] He also tried, unsuccessfully, to find hidden messages within the Bible.
Newton wrote more on religion than he did on natural science. He believed in a rationally immanent world, but he rejected the hylozoism implicit in Leibniz and Baruch Spinoza. Thus, the ordered and dynamically informed Universe could be understood, and must be understood, by an active reason. In his correspondence, Newton claimed that in writing the Principia "I had an eye upon such Principles as might work with considering men for the belief of a Deity".[71] He saw evidence of design in the system of the world: "Such a wonderful uniformity in the planetary system must be allowed the effect of choice". But Newton insisted that divine intervention would eventually be required to reform the system, due to the slow growth of instabilities.[72] For this, Leibniz lampooned him: "God Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time: otherwise it would cease to move. He had not, it seems, sufficient foresight to make it a perpetual motion."[73] Newton's position was vigorously defended by his follower Samuel Clarke in a famous correspondence.
Effect on religious thought
Newton and Robert Boyle's mechanical philosophy was promoted by rationalist pamphleteers as a viable alternative to the pantheists and enthusiasts, and was accepted hesitantly by orthodox preachers as well as dissident preachers like the latitudinarians.[74] Thus, the clarity and simplicity of science was seen as a way to combat the emotional and metaphysical superlatives of both superstitious enthusiasm and the threat of atheism,[75] and, at the same time, the second wave of English deists used Newton's discoveries to demonstrate the possibility of a "Natural Religion".
"Newton", by William Blake; here, Newton is depicted critically as a "divine geometer".
The attacks made against pre-Enlightenment "magical thinking", and the mystical elements of Christianity, were given their foundation with Boyle's mechanical conception of the Universe. Newton gave Boyle's ideas their completion through mathematical proofs and, perhaps more importantly, was very successful in popularising them.[76] Newton refashioned the world governed by an interventionist God into a world crafted by a God that designs along rational and universal principles.[77] These principles were available for all people to discover, allowed people to pursue their own aims fruitfully in this life, not the next, and to perfect themselves with their own rational powers.[78]
Newton saw God as the master creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation.[79][80][81] His spokesman, Clarke, rejected Leibniz' theodicy which cleared God from the responsibility for l'origine du mal by making God removed from participation in his creation, since as Clarke pointed out, such a deity would be a king in name only, and but one step away from atheism.[82] But the unforeseen theological consequence of the success of Newton's system over the next century was to reinforce the deist position advocated by Leibniz.[83] The understanding of the world was now brought down to the level of simple human reason, and humans, as Odo Marquard argued, became responsible for the correction and elimination of evil.[84]
On the other hand, latitudinarian and Newtonian ideas taken too far resulted in the millenarians, a religious faction dedicated to the concept of a mechanical Universe, but finding in it the same enthusiasm and mysticism that the Enlightenment had fought so hard to extinguish.[clarification needed][85]
Views of the end of the world
See also: Isaac Newton's occult studies and eschatology
In a manuscript he wrote in 1704 in which he describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible, he estimated that the world would end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this he said, "This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail."[86]
Enlightenment philosophers
Enlightenment philosophers chose a short history of scientific predecessors — Galileo, Boyle, and Newton principally — as the guides and guarantors of their applications of the singular concept of Nature and Natural Law to every physical and social field of the day. In this respect, the lessons of history and the social structures built upon it could be discarded.[87]
It was Newton's conception of the Universe based upon Natural and rationally understandable laws that became one of the seeds for Enlightenment ideology.[88] Locke and Voltaire applied concepts of Natural Law to political systems advocating intrinsic rights; the physiocrats and Adam Smith applied Natural conceptions of psychology and self-interest to economic systems; and sociologists criticised the current social order for trying to fit history into Natural models of progress. Monboddo and Samuel Clarke resisted elements of Newton's work, but eventually rationalised it to conform with their strong religious views of nature.
Counterfeiters
As warden of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that 20 percent of the coins taken in during The Great Recoinage were counterfeit. Counterfeiting was high treason, punishable by the felon's being hanged, drawn and quartered. Despite this, convicting the most flagrant criminals could be extremely difficult. However, Newton proved to be equal to the task.[89] Disguised as a habitué of bars and taverns, he gathered much of that evidence himself.[90] For all the barriers placed to prosecution, and separating the branches of government, English law still had ancient and formidable customs of authority. Newton had himself made a justice of the peace in all the home counties. Then he conducted more than 100 cross-examinations of witnesses, informers, and suspects between June 1698 and Christmas 1699. Newton successfully prosecuted 28 coiners.[91]
One of Newton's cases as the King's attorney was against William Chaloner.[92] Chaloner's schemes included setting up phony conspiracies of Catholics and then turning in the hapless conspirators whom he had entrapped. Chaloner made himself rich enough to posture as a gentleman. Petitioning Parliament, Chaloner accused the Mint of providing tools to counterfeiters (a charge also made by others). He proposed that he be allowed to inspect the Mint's processes in order to improve them. He petitioned Parliament to adopt his plans for a coinage that could not be counterfeited, while at the same time striking false coins.[93] Newton put Chaloner on trial for counterfeiting and had him sent to Newgate Prison in September 1697. But Chaloner had friends in high places, who helped him secure an acquittal and his release.[92] Newton put him on trial a second time with conclusive evidence. Chaloner was convicted of high treason and hanged, drawn and quartered on 23 March 1699 at Tyburn gallows.[94]
Laws of motion
Classical mechanics
Newton's Second Law
History of classical mechanics • Timeline of classical mechanics
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Main article: Newton's laws of motion
The famous three laws of motion (stated in modernised form): Newton's First Law (also known as the Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and that an object in uniform motion tends to stay in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law states that an applied force, , on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum, , with time. Mathematically, this is expressed as
Since the second law applies to an object with constant mass (dm/dt = 0), the first term vanishes, and by substitution using the definition of acceleration, the equation can be written in the iconic form
The first and second laws represent a break with the physics of Aristotle, in which it was believed that a force was necessary in order to maintain motion. They state that a force is only needed in order to change an object's state of motion. The SI unit of force is the newton, named in Newton's honour.
Newton's Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that any force exerted onto an object has a counterpart force that is exerted in the opposite direction back onto the first object. A common example is of two ice skaters pushing against each other and sliding apart in opposite directions. Another example is the recoil of a firearm, in which the force propelling the bullet is exerted equally back onto the gun and is felt by the shooter. Since the objects in question do not necessarily have the same mass, the resulting acceleration of the two objects can be different (as in the case of firearm recoil).
Unlike Aristotle's, Newton's physics is meant to be universal. For example, the second law applies both to a planet and to a falling stone.
The vector nature of the second law addresses the geometrical relationship between the direction of the force and the manner in which the object's momentum changes. Before Newton, it had typically been assumed that a planet orbiting the sun would need a forward force to keep it moving. Newton showed instead that all that was needed was an inward attraction from the sun. Even many decades after the publication of the Principia, this counterintuitive idea was not universally accepted, and many scientists preferred Descartes' theory of vortices.[95]
Apple analogy
Reputed descendants of Newton's apple tree, at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden and the Instituto Balseiro library garden
Newton himself often told the story that he was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an apple from a tree.[96]
Cartoons have gone further to suggest the apple actually hit Newton's head, and that its impact somehow made him aware of the force of gravity, though this is not reported in the biographical manuscript by William Stukeley, published in 1752, and made available by the Royal Society.[97] It is known from his notebooks that Newton was grappling in the late 1660s with the idea that terrestrial gravity extends, in an inverse-square proportion, to the Moon; however it took him two decades to develop the full-fledged theory.[98] John Conduitt, Newton's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton's niece, described the event when he wrote about Newton's life:
In the year 1666 he retired again from Cambridge to his mother in Lincolnshire. Whilst he was pensively meandering in a garden it came into his thought that the power of gravity (which brought an apple from a tree to the ground) was not limited to a certain distance from earth, but that this power must extend much further than was usually thought. Why not as high as the Moon said he to himself & if so, that must influence her motion & perhaps retain her in her orbit, whereupon he fell a calculating what would be the effect of that supposition.[99]
The question was not whether gravity existed, but whether it extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the moon to its orbit. Newton showed that if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon's orbital period, and get good agreement. He guessed the same force was responsible for other orbital motions, and hence named it "universal gravitation".
Stukeley recorded in his Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life a conversation with Newton in Kensington on 15 April 1726, in which Newton recalled:
when formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind. It was occasioned by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood. Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground, thought he to himself. Why should it not go sideways or upwards, but constantly to the Earth's centre? Assuredly the reason is, that the Earth draws it. There must be a drawing power in matter. And the sum of the drawing power in the matter of the Earth must be in the Earth's centre, not in any side of the Earth. Therefore does this apple fall perpendicularly or towards the centre? If matter thus draws matter; it must be proportion of its quantity. Therefore the apple draws the Earth, as well as the Earth draws the apple."[100]
In similar terms, Voltaire wrote in his Essay on Epic Poetry (1727), "Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens, had the first thought of his system of gravitation, upon seeing an apple falling from a tree."
Various trees are claimed to be "the" apple tree which Newton describes. The King's School, Grantham, claims that the tree was purchased by the school, uprooted and transported to the headmaster's garden some years later. The staff of the [now] National Trust-owned Woolsthorpe Manor dispute this, and claim that a tree present in their gardens is the one described by Newton. A descendant of the original tree can be seen growing outside the main gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, below the room Newton lived in when he studied there. The National Fruit Collection at Brogdale[101] can supply grafts from their tree, which appears identical to Flower of Kent, a coarse-fleshed cooking variety.[102]
Writings
See also: Writing of Principia Mathematica
• Method of Fluxions (1671)
• Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation (unpublished, c. 1671–75)[103]
• De Motu Corporum in Gyrum (1684)
• Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
• Opticks (1704)
• Reports as Master of the Mint (1701–25)
• Arithmetica Universalis (1707)
• The System of the World, Optical Lectures, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, (Amended) and De mundi systemate (published posthumously in 1728)
• Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John (1733)
• An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (1754)
See also
• De Motu (Berkeley's essay)
• Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
• Finite difference#Newton_series
• Gauss–Newton algorithm
• History of calculus
• Ismaël Bullialdus
• Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy
• List of multiple discoveries#17th century
• Newton disc
• Newton fractal
• Newton polygon
• Newton polynomial
• Newton (unit)
• Newton's cannonball
• Newton's cradle
• Newton's inequalities
Book:Isaac Newton
Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.
• Newton's notation
• Newton's reflector
• Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
• Newton's theorem about ovals
• Newton–Cotes formulas
• Newton–Euler equations
• Newtonianism
• Schrödinger–Newton equations
• Spalding Gentlemen’s Society
Footnotes and references
1. ^ a b c d e During Newton's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe: the Julian or 'Old Style' in Britain and parts of northern Europe (Protestant) and eastern Europe, and the Gregorian or 'New Style', in use in Roman Catholic Europe and elsewhere. At Newton's birth, Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates: thus Newton was born on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 by the Julian calendar, but on 4 January 1643 by the Gregorian. By the time he died, the difference between the calendars had increased to eleven days. Moreover, prior to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in the UK in 1752, the English new year began (for legal and some other civil purposes) on 25 March ('Lady Day', i.e. the feast of the Annunciation: sometimes called 'Annunciation Style') rather than on 1 January (sometimes called 'Circumcision Style'). Unless otherwise noted, the remainder of the dates in this article follow the Julian Calendar.
2. ^ Mordechai Feingold, Barrow, Isaac (1630–1677), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2007; accessed 24 February 2009; explained further in Mordechai Feingold " Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow Too: An Attempt at a Reinterpretation"; Isis, Vol. 84, No. 2 (June, 1993), pp. 310-338
3. ^ Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Newton, Isaac, n.4
4. ^ Gjersten, Derek (1986). The Newton Handbook. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5. ^ a b Westfall, Richard S. (1983) [1980]. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 530–1. ISBN 9780521274357.
6. ^ a b c d e f[page needed]Snobelen, Stephen D. (1999). "Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite" (PDF). British Journal for the History of Science 32: 381–419. doi:10.1017/S0007087499003751. http://www.isaac-newton.org/heretic.pdf.
7. ^ "The Early Period (1608–1672)". James R. Graham's Home Page. http://etoile.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
8. ^ Cohen, I.B. (1970). Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 11, p.43. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
9. ^ "Isaac Newton's Life". Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences. 1998. http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
10. ^ "Isaac Newton". Bellevue College. http://scidiv.bellevuecollege.edu/MATH/Newton.html. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
11. ^ Newton, Isaac; Derek Thomas Whiteside (1967). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton: 1664-1666. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780521058179. http://books.google.com/?id=1ZcYsNBptfYC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=isaac+newton+miss+storey&q=miss%20storey. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
12. ^ Westfall 1994, pp 16-19
13. ^ White 1997, p. 22
14. ^ Michael White, Isaac Newton (1999) page 46
15. ^ ed. Michael Hoskins (1997). Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy, p. 159. Cambridge University Press
16. ^ Newton, Isaac in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922–1958.
17. ^ W W Rouse Ball (1908), "A short account of the history of mathematics", at page 319.
18. ^ D T Whiteside (ed.), The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton (Volume 1), (Cambridge University Press, 1967), part 7 "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", at page 400, in 2008 reprint.
19. ^ D Gjertsen (1986), "The Newton handbook", (London (Routledge & Kegan Paul) 1986), at page 149.
20. ^ Newton, 'Principia', 1729 English translation, at page 41.
21. ^ Newton, 'Principia', 1729 English translation, at page 54.
22. ^ Clifford Truesdell, Essays in the History of Mechanics (Berlin, 1968), at p.99.
23. ^ In the preface to the Marquis de L'Hospital's Analyse des Infiniment Petits (Paris, 1696).
24. ^ Starting with De Motu Corporum in Gyrum#Contents of 'De Motu', see also (Latin) Theorem 1.
25. ^ D T Whiteside (1970), "The Mathematical principles underlying Newton's Principia Mathematica" in Journal for the History of Astronomy, vol.1, pages 116-138, especially at pages 119-120.
26. ^ Stewart 2009, p.107
27. ^ Westfall 1980, pp 538–539
28. ^ Ball 1908, p. 356ff
29. ^ White 1997, p. 151
30. ^ King, Henry C (2003). ''The History of the Telescope'' By Henry C. King, Page 74. Books.google.com. ISBN 9780486432656. http://books.google.com/?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&dq=history+of+the+telescope&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
31. ^ Ball 1908, p. 324
32. ^ Ball 1908, p. 325
33. ^ a b White 1997, p170
34. ^ Hall, Alfred Rupert (1996). '''Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought''', by Alfred Rupert Hall, page 67. Books.google.com. ISBN 9780521566698. http://books.google.com/?id=32IDpTdthm4C&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=newton+reflecting+telescope++1668+letter+1669&q=newton%20reflecting%20telescope%20%201668%20letter%201669. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
35. ^ White 1997, p168
36. ^ a b See 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol.2, 1676-1687' ed. H W Turnbull, Cambridge University Press 1960; at page 297, document #235, letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679.
37. ^ Iliffe, Robert (2007) Newton. A very short introduction, Oxford University Press 2007
38. ^ Keynes, John Maynard (1972). "Newton, The Man". The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Volume X. MacMillan St. Martin's Press. pp. 363–4.
39. ^ Dobbs, J.T. (December 1982). "Newton's Alchemy and His Theory of Matter". Isis 73 (4): 523. doi:10.1086/353114. quoting Opticks
40. ^ R S Westfall, 'Never at Rest', 1980, at pages 391-2.
41. ^ D T Whiteside (ed.), 'Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton', vol.6, 1684-1691, Cambridge University Press 1974, at page 30.
42. ^ See Curtis Wilson, "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy", pages 233-274 in R Taton & C Wilson (eds) (1989) The General History of Astronomy, Volume, 2A', at page 233.
43. ^ Text quotations are from 1729 translation of Newton's Principia, Book 3 (1729 vol.2) at pages 232-233.
44. ^ Edelglass et al., Matter and Mind, ISBN 0-940262-45-2. p. 54
45. ^ Westfall 1980. Chapter 11.
46. ^ Westfall 1980. pp 493–497 on the friendship with Fatio, pp 531–540 on Newton's breakdown.
47. ^ a b Gerard Michon. "Coat of arms of Isaac Newton". Numericana.com. http://www.numericana.com/arms/index.htm#newton. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
48. ^ White 1997, p. 232
49. ^ White 1997, p.317
50. ^ "The Queen's 'great Assistance' to Newton's election was his knighting, an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705." Westfall 1994 p.245
51. ^ Yonge, Charlotte M. (1898). "Cranbury and Brambridge". John Keble's Parishes – Chapter 6. www.online-literature.com. http://www.online-literature.com/charlotte-yonge/john-keble/6/. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
52. ^ Westfall 1980, p. 44.
53. ^ Westfall 1980, p. 595
54. ^ "Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)". Eric Weisstein's World of Biography. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html. Retrieved 2006-08-30.
55. ^ Fred L. Wilson, History of Science: Newton citing: Delambre, M. "Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. le comte J. L. Lagrange," Oeuvres de Lagrange I. Paris, 1867, p. xx.
56. ^ Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke, 5 February 1676, as transcribed in Jean-Pierre Maury (1992) Newton: Understanding the Cosmos, New Horizons
57. ^ Wikipedia Standing on the shoulders of giants,
58. ^ John Gribbin (2002) Science: A History 1543-2001, p 164.
59. ^ White 1997, p187.
60. ^ Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (1855) by Sir David Brewster (Volume II. Ch. 27)
61. ^ "Newton beats Einstein in polls of Royal Society scientists and the public". The Royal Society. http://royalsociety.org/News.aspx?id=1324&terms=Newton+beats+Einstein+in+polls+of+scientists+and+the+public.
62. ^ Opinion poll. Einstein voted "greatest physicist ever" by leading physicists; Newton runner-up: BBC news, Monday, 29 November 1999, News.bbc.co.uk
63. ^ a b "Famous People & the Abbey: Sir Isaac Newton". Westminster Abbey. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-isaac-newton. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
64. ^ "Withdrawn banknotes reference guide". Bank of England. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/denom_guide/nonflash/1-SeriesD-Revised.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
65. ^ Avery Cardinal Dulles. The Deist Minimum. January 2005.
66. ^[page needed]Westfall, Richard S. (1994). The Life of Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521477379.
67. ^ Pfizenmaier, T.C. (1997). "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?". Journal of the History of Ideas 58 (1): 57–80.
68. ^ Yates, Frances A. (1972). The Rosicrucian Enlightenment. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415267692.
69. ^ Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media. ISBN 0915134950.
70. ^ John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, v. 1, pp. 382–402 after narrowing the years to 30 or 33, provisionally judges 30 most likely.
71. ^ Newton to Richard Bentley 10 December 1692, in Turnbull et al. (1959–77), vol 3, p. 233.
72. ^ Opticks, 2nd Ed 1706. Query 31.
73. ^ H. G. Alexander (ed) The Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 11.
74. ^ Jacob, Margaret C. (1976). The Newtonians and the English Revolution: 1689–1720. Cornell University Press. pp. 37, 44. ISBN 0855270667.
75. ^ Westfall, Richard S. (1958). Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 200. ISBN 0208008438.
76. ^ Haakonssen, Knud. "The Enlightenment, politics and providence: some Scottish and English comparisons". In Martin Fitzpatrick ed.. Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0521560608.
77. ^ Frankel, Charles (1948). The Faith of Reason: The Idea of Progress in the French Enlightenment. New York: King's Crown Press. p. 1.
78. ^ Germain, Gilbert G.. A Discourse on Disenchantment: Reflections on Politics and Technology. p. 28. ISBN 0791413195.
79. ^ Principia, Book III; cited in; Newton’s Philosophy of Nature: Selections from his writings, p. 42, ed. H.S. Thayer, Hafner Library of Classics, NY, 1953.
80. ^ A Short Scheme of the True Religion, manuscript quoted in Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton by Sir David Brewster, Edinburgh, 1850; cited in; ibid, p. 65.
81. ^ Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen. “The emergence of Rational Dissent.” Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p19.
82. ^ H. G. Alexander (ed) The Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 14.
83. ^ Westfall, 1958 p201.
84. ^ Marquard, Odo. "Burdened and Disemburdened Man and the Flight into Unindictability," in Farewell to Matters of Principle. Robert M. Wallace trans. London: Oxford UP, 1989.
85. ^ Jacob, Margaret C. The Newtonians and the English Revolution: 1689–1720. p100–101.
86. ^ "Papers Show Isaac Newton's Religious Side, Predict Date of Apocalypse". Associated Press. 19 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20070813033620/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070619/28049_Papers_Show_Isaac_Newton%27s_Religious_Side,_Predict_Date_of_Apocalypse.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
87. ^ Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World. p2.
88. ^ "Although it was just one of the many factors in the Enlightment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth century" John Gribbin (2002) Science: A History 1543-2001, p 241
89. ^ White 1997, p. 259
90. ^ White 1997, p. 267
91. ^ Westfall 2007, p.73
92. ^ a b White 1997, p 269
93. ^ Westfall 1994, p 229
94. ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 571–5
95. ^ Ball 1908, p. 337
96. ^ White 1997, p. 86
97. ^ Newton's apple: The real story. New Scientist. 18 January 2010. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/01/newtons-apple-the-real-story.php. Retrieved 10 May 2010
98. ^ I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Newton (2002) p. 6
99. ^ Conduitt, John. "Keynes Ms. 130.4:Conduitt's account of Newton's life at Cambridge". Newtonproject. Imperial College London. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00167. Retrieved 2006-08-30.
100. ^ Stukeley, William. "Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life". http://physics.info/gravitation/apple.html. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
101. ^ "Brogdale — Home of the National Fruit Collection". Brogdale.org. http://www.brogdale.org/. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
102. ^ "From the National Fruit Collection: Isaac Newton's Tree". http://www.brogdale.org.uk/image1.php?varietyid=1089. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
103. ^ Newton's alchemical works transcribed and online at Indiana University. Retrieved 11 January 2007.
References
• Ball, W.W. Rouse (1908). A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. New York: Dover. ISBN 0486206300.
• Christianson, Gale (1984). In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-905190-8. This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of Patristics
• Craig, John (1958). "Isaac Newton – Crime Investigator". Nature 182: 149. doi:10.1038/182149a0.
• Craig, John (1963). "Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 18: 136. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017.
• Stewart, James (2009). Calculus: Concepts and Contexts. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780495557425.
• Westfall, Richard S. (1980, 1998). Never at Rest. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27435-4.
• Westfall, Richard S. (2007). Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780199213559.
• Westfall, Richard S. (1994). The Life of Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521477379.
• White, Michael (1997). Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Fourth Estate Limited. ISBN 1-85702-416-8.
Further reading
• Andrade, E. N. De C. (1950). Isaac Newton. New York: Chanticleer Press. ISBN 0841430144.
• Bardi, Jason Socrates. The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time. 2006. 277 pp. excerpt and text search
• Bechler, Zev (1991). Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution. Springer. ISBN 0792310543..
• Berlinski, David. Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World. (2000). 256 pp. excerpt and text search ISBN 0-684-84392-7
• Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard, eds. Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy. MIT Press, 2001. 354 pp. excerpt and text search
• Casini, P. (1988). "Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 42 (1): 35–52. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1988.0006. ISSN 0035–9149. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9149%28198801%2942%3A1%3C35%3AN%27ATPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H.
• Christianson, Gale E. (1996). Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019530070X. See this site for excerpt and text search.
• Christianson, Gale (1984). In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-905190-8.
• Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Newton. (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; excerpt and text search; complete edition online
• Cohen, I. B. (1980). The Newtonian Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521229642.
• Craig, John (1946). Newton at the Mint. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Dampier, William C.; Dampier, M. (1959). Readings in the Literature of Science. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0486428052.
• de Villamil, Richard (1931). Newton, the Man. London: G.D. Knox. – Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York (1972).
• Dobbs, B. J. T. (1975). The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy or "The Hunting of the Greene Lyon". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gjertsen, Derek (1986). The Newton Handbook. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-0279-2.
• Gleick, James (2003). Isaac Newton. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0375422331.
• Halley, E. (1687). "Review of Newton's Principia". Philosophical Transactions 186: 291 – 297.
• Hawking, Stephen, ed. On the Shoulders of Giants. ISBN 0-7624-1348-4 Places selections from Newton's Principia in the context of selected writings by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Einstein
• Herivel, J. W. (1965). The Background to Newton's Principia. A Study of Newton's Dynamical Researches in the Years 1664–84. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Keynes, John Maynard (1963). Essays in Biography. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-00189-X. Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton's private papers.
• Koyré, A. (1965). Newtonian Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Newton, Isaac. Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy, edited by I. Bernard Cohen. Harvard University Press, 1958,1978. ISBN 0-674-46853-8.
• Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). The Principia: a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen ISBN 0-520-08817-4 University of California (1999)
• Pemberton, H. (1728). A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy. London: S. Palmer.
• Shamos, Morris H. (1959). Great Experiments in Physics. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc.. ISBN 0486253465.
• Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, and H. Wright. A Treasury of Science; "Newtonia" pp. 147–9; "Discoveries" pp. 150–4. Harper & Bros., New York, (1946).
• Simmons, J. (1996). The Giant Book of Scientists – The 100 Greatest Minds of all Time. Sydney: The Book Company.
• Stukeley, W. (1936). Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life. London: Taylor and Francis. (edited by A. H. White; originally published in 1752)
• Westfall, R. S. (1971). Force in Newton's Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century. London: Macdonald. ISBN 0444196110.
Religion
• Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought. (1991), links the alchemy to Arianism
• Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence. (1999), 342pp . Pp. xvii + 325. 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts
• Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" British Journal for the History of Science 34: 417–438. in JSTOR, argues that his calculus had a theological basis
• Snobelen, Stephen "'God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia," Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 16, (2001), pp. 169–208 in JSTOR
• Snobelen, Stephen D. "Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite," British Journal for the History of Science 32: 381–419. in JSTOR
• Pfizenmaier, Thomas C. "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 58, No. 1 (January, 1997), pp. 57–80 in JSTOR
• Wiles, Maurice. Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries. (1996) 214pp, with chapter 4 on 18th century England; pp 77–93 on Newton excerpt and text search,
Primary sources
• Newton, Isaac. The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. University of California Press, (1999). 974 pp.
o Brackenridge, J. Bruce. The Key to Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler Problem and the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. University of California Press, 1996. 299 pp.
• Newton, Isaac. The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1: The Optical Lectures, 1670–1672. Cambridge U. Press, 1984. 627 pp.
o Newton, Isaac. Opticks (4th ed. 1730) online edition
o Newton, I. (1952). Opticks, or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light. New York: Dover Publications.
• Newton, I. Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World, tr. A. Motte, rev. Florian Cajori. Berkeley: University of California Press. (1934).
• Whiteside, D. T. (1967–82). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521077400. – 8 volumes
• Newton, Isaac. The correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. H. W. Turnbull and others, 7 vols. (1959–77)
• Newton's Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings edited by H. S. Thayer, (1953), online edition
• Isaac Newton, Sir; J Edleston; Roger Cotes, Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes, including letters of other eminent men, London, John W. Parker, West Strand; Cambridge, John Deighton, 1850. – Google Books
• Maclaurin, C. (1748). An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, in Four Books. London: A. Millar and J. Nourse.
• Newton, I. (1958). Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents, eds. I. B. Cohen and R. E. Schofield. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Newton, I. (1962). The Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton: A Selection from the Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge, ed. A. R. Hall and M. B. Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Newton, I. (1975). Isaac Newton's 'Theory of the Moon's Motion' (1702). London: Dawson.
External links
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• Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Newton, Sir Isaac". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Newton biography (University of St Andrews)
• ScienceWorld biography by Eric Weisstein
• Dictionary of Scientific Biography
• The Newton Project
• The Newton Project - Canada
• Rebuttal of Newton's astrology
• Newton's Religious Views Reconsidered
• Newton's Royal Mint Reports
• Newton's Dark Secrets NOVA TV programme
• from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
o Isaac Newton, by George Smith
o Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, by George Smith
o Newton's Philosophy, by Andrew Janiak
o Newton's views on space, time, and motion, by Robert Rynasiewicz
• Newton's Castle Educational material
• The Chymistry of Isaac Newton Research on his Alchemical writings
• FMA Live! Program for teaching Newton's laws to kids
• Newton's religious position
• The "General Scholium" to Newton's Principia
• Kandaswamy, Anand M. The Newton/Leibniz Conflict in Context
• Newton's First ODE – A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first-order ODE using infinite series
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Isaac Newton", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html.
• Isaac Newton at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• The Mind of Isaac Newton Images, audio, animations and interactive segments
• Enlightening Science Videos on Newton's biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion
Writings by him
• Newton's works - full texts, at the Newton Project
• Works by Isaac Newton at Project Gutenberg
• Newton's Principia – read and search[dead link]
• Descartes, Space, and Body and A New Theory of Light and Colour, modernised readable versions by Jonathan Bennett
• Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light, full text on archive.org
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Tuesday, May 17, 2011
If I Had a Second Chance
If I Had A Second Chance...
I'd stop looking and start seeing,
And treat everyone as a human being.
I'd stop taking and start giving,
Stop hiding and start living.
I'd do more listening and a lot less talking,
Enjoy the world and do more walking.
I'd take my eyes off my watch
and watch with my eyes,
To notice the trees and the beautiful sky.
I'd stop criticizing and show more love,
Be less forgetful and give thanks up above.
I'd be less angry and swallow my pride,
And share with the world what I have inside.
I'd stop hating and be more kind,
And give a little more of my precious time.
I'd give more encouragement
and a lot more praise,
And do a lot less judging
for I too have lost my way.
I'd get my priorities in order and straight,
Better now than never Lord,
I'm just a bit too late.
I'd stop hopelessly chasing after the wind,
From this point on a new I begin.
I'd find my way back to the God's's humble grace,
With a vow never again to lose my place,
I'm changing my life and I've made a stance,
Oh GOD , what I wouldn't give for a second chance.
It's not the destination that counts in life it's the journey.
The journey with the people we love
is all that really matters.
Such a simple truth so easily forgotten.
When you're lonely, I wish you LOVE.
When you're down, I wish you JOY.
When things get complicated, I wish you FAITH.
When things look empty, I wish you HOPE...
I'd stop looking and start seeing,
And treat everyone as a human being.
I'd stop taking and start giving,
Stop hiding and start living.
I'd do more listening and a lot less talking,
Enjoy the world and do more walking.
I'd take my eyes off my watch
and watch with my eyes,
To notice the trees and the beautiful sky.
I'd stop criticizing and show more love,
Be less forgetful and give thanks up above.
I'd be less angry and swallow my pride,
And share with the world what I have inside.
I'd stop hating and be more kind,
And give a little more of my precious time.
I'd give more encouragement
and a lot more praise,
And do a lot less judging
for I too have lost my way.
I'd get my priorities in order and straight,
Better now than never Lord,
I'm just a bit too late.
I'd stop hopelessly chasing after the wind,
From this point on a new I begin.
I'd find my way back to the God's's humble grace,
With a vow never again to lose my place,
I'm changing my life and I've made a stance,
Oh GOD , what I wouldn't give for a second chance.
It's not the destination that counts in life it's the journey.
The journey with the people we love
is all that really matters.
Such a simple truth so easily forgotten.
When you're lonely, I wish you LOVE.
When you're down, I wish you JOY.
When things get complicated, I wish you FAITH.
When things look empty, I wish you HOPE...
If I Had a Second Chance
If I Had A Second Chance...
I'd stop looking and start seeing,
And treat everyone as a human being.
I'd stop taking and start giving,
Stop hiding and start living.
I'd do more listening and a lot less talking,
Enjoy the world and do more walking.
I'd take my eyes off my watch
and watch with my eyes,
To notice the trees and the beautiful sky.
I'd stop criticizing and show more love,
Be less forgetful and give thanks up above.
I'd be less angry and swallow my pride,
And share with the world what I have inside.
I'd stop hating and be more kind,
And give a little more of my precious time.
I'd give more encouragement
and a lot more praise,
And do a lot less judging
for I too have lost my way.
I'd get my priorities in order and straight,
Better now than never Lord,
I'm just a bit too late.
I'd stop hopelessly chasing after the wind,
From this point on a new I begin.
I'd find my way back to the God's's humble grace,
With a vow never again to lose my place,
I'm changing my life and I've made a stance,
Oh GOD , what I wouldn't give for a second chance.
It's not the destination that counts in life it's the journey.
The journey with the people we love
is all that really matters.
Such a simple truth so easily forgotten.
When you're lonely, I wish you LOVE.
When you're down, I wish you JOY.
When things get complicated, I wish you FAITH.
When things look empty, I wish you HOPE...
I'd stop looking and start seeing,
And treat everyone as a human being.
I'd stop taking and start giving,
Stop hiding and start living.
I'd do more listening and a lot less talking,
Enjoy the world and do more walking.
I'd take my eyes off my watch
and watch with my eyes,
To notice the trees and the beautiful sky.
I'd stop criticizing and show more love,
Be less forgetful and give thanks up above.
I'd be less angry and swallow my pride,
And share with the world what I have inside.
I'd stop hating and be more kind,
And give a little more of my precious time.
I'd give more encouragement
and a lot more praise,
And do a lot less judging
for I too have lost my way.
I'd get my priorities in order and straight,
Better now than never Lord,
I'm just a bit too late.
I'd stop hopelessly chasing after the wind,
From this point on a new I begin.
I'd find my way back to the God's's humble grace,
With a vow never again to lose my place,
I'm changing my life and I've made a stance,
Oh GOD , what I wouldn't give for a second chance.
It's not the destination that counts in life it's the journey.
The journey with the people we love
is all that really matters.
Such a simple truth so easily forgotten.
When you're lonely, I wish you LOVE.
When you're down, I wish you JOY.
When things get complicated, I wish you FAITH.
When things look empty, I wish you HOPE...
Monday, May 16, 2011
shayri , Love, friendship
Yun To Guzar Raha Hai, Har Ik Pal Khushi Ke Saath
Yun To Guzar Raha Hai, Har Ik Pal Khushi Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyu Zindagi Ke Saath
Rishta Vafayen Dosti, Sab Kuch To Pass Hai,
Kya Baat Hai Pata Nahi, Dil Kyun Udas Hai,
Har Lamha Hai Haseen, Nayi Dilkashi Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyu Zindagi Ke Saath
Chahat Bhi Hai Sukun Bhi Hai Dilbari Bhi Hai,
Aankhon Mein Khawab Bhi Hai, Labon Par Hansi Bhi Hai,
Dil Ko Nahi Hai Koi, Shikayat Kisi Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyun Zindagi Ke Saath
Socha Tha Jaisa Vaisa Hi Jeevan To Hai Magar,
Ab Aur Kis Talaash Mein Baichain Hai Nazar,
Kudrat To Mehrban Hai, Darayadili Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyun Zindagi Ke Saath
Shaher ki es daud me daud ke karna kya hai?
Jab yehi jeena hai dosto to phir marna kya hai?
Paheli barish me train late hone ki fikr hai
Bhul gaye bhigte hue tahelna kya hai?
Serails ke kirdaaro ka saara haal hai malum
par maa ka haal puchhne ki fursat kise hai?
Ab ret pe nage pao tahelte kyu nahi?
108 hai chanel phir dil bahelte kyu nahi?
Internet ki duniya ke to touch me hai,
lekin pados me kon raheta hai jaante tak nahi.
Mobile, Landline sab ki bharmaar hai,
Lekin jigri dost tak pahuche aise taar kaha hai?
Kab dubte hue suraj ko dekha tha yaad hai?
Kab jaana tha shaam ka woh banana kya hai?
To Dosto Shaher ki es daud me daud ke karna kya hai
Jab yahi jeena hai to phir Marna kya hai?
I’m looking for a friend today,
A friend who will never stay away
I want a friend, or maybe two
I want a friend just like you
I’m looking for a friend, you see
A friend who needs someone like me
I want this friend, i really do
But i want a friend just like you
Im looking for a friend sincere
A friend who’ll always bring good cheer
I want a friend who wants me too
I want a friend who’s just like you
Im looking for a friend whos good
Who does the things a kind friend should
I want a friend who’s happy too
I want a friend just like you.
Im looking for a loving friend,
Who will not let our friendship end
I want a friend whos always true
I think i found my friend- its you!
–
Note:
I AM SHARING WHAT WAS SHARED WITH ME!
Sari duniya se ham anjaan bane unke liye.Hamse wahi ab anjaan bane bathe hai.
E dil ab aur intzaar matkar.Lagta hai woh kisi aur ke mehman bane bathe hai…
Zindgi ki kashti kab lage kaun se kinare,kab ise milengi manchahi bahare.
Jeena to padega hi kaise bi pyare,kabhi dosto ki bheed me to kabhi tanhai k sahare….
Zarurat hi nai alfaaz ki,dosti to cheez hai bas ehsaas ki,
paas hote to manzar hi kya hota, dur se hi khabar hai hume aapki har saans ki…
Tere shahr ka mausm bada suhana lage, ek sham chura lu agar bura na lage,
tere bas me ho bhul jana mujhe, tujhe bhul jane me shayad mujhe jamana lage
Dua hai Ki Kamyabi ke har sikhar pe aap ka naam hoga, aapke har kadam par duniya ka salam hoga,
Himat se mushkilon ka samana karna hamari dua hai ki waqt bhi ek din aapka gulam hoga.
Men love because they are afraid of themselves, afraid of the loneliness that lives in them, and need someone in whom they can lose themselves as smoke loses itself in the sky
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Dil ka kya hai wo to, ap ko hi sochta hai
Katha nahi hai ye, ek saath pane ki khawisk baki hai
Saath reh sake mumkin nahi hai per ,Zindagi me chahat abhi bhi baki hai
Hum un kush nasib valoon me hai , jinke dil me kasak abi be baaki hai
Zindagi katam kar deena tik nahi hoga ,kyo ki ek muluqat abi bhi baki hai,
Khuda se khena dua kabol kare, ki kayi armaan abi bhi baki hai
Agar kar sake to itna kar, manzoor kar fariyad,
ki milna abhi be baki hai,Agar poori na karska ye khawish to yaad rakh
ki ek insaan ka karz abi bhi baki hai.
Doobe hua hamare sitare hain,
Kya gam hi naseeb mein hamare hain?
Tair rahe hain thak kar bhi,
Isi ummed mein ke dariya-e-gham ke bhi kahin kinaare hain,
Jaane kab khushi ka saamnaa hoga,
Jahan tak nazar jaati hai bas bebasi ke hi nazaare hain….
hum sirf aapke sahaare hai…… hum sirf aapke sahaare hai..
Ghalib sun! yeh duniya hai… duniya!,
duniya meiN ghum chhupanA padta hai,
dil main chahe lakh ghum ho,
mehfil meiN muskarAna hi padta hai
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
AshkoN ko humne kayi baar roka,
phir bhi na jane kyoN ankheN dhoka de gayi,
Bharosa to tha hameiN apne aap par magar,
unka zikr aate hi naa jane kyoN palkeN nam ho gayi.
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
Don’t lower your Goals to the level of your abilities.
Instead, raise your abilities to the height of your goals
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
Dilon se khelne ka hunar hume nahi aata
Isiliye ishq ki baazi hum haar gaye
Meri zindagi se shayad unhe bahut pyar tha
Isiliye mujhe zinda hi maar gaye….
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
 Zindagi mein ek haseen galti kar baithe
Hum nadani mein pyar kar baithe
Dil ko apne khud thokar maar baithe
Ek bewafaa se murhum ki umeed kar baithe
Yeh mera dil is dil ki halat kaise bataun tumhe
ye dil ab dil na raha di ki awaz kaise sunaun tumhe
kishi ke mohabat main thukraya gaya hai ye
ye dil mein jo dard hai kaise dekhaun tumhe
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Zakhm dene ka andaz kuch aisa hai.
Zakhm dekar puchte hai ab hal kaisa hai.
Kisi ek se gila kya karna yaro,
sari dunia ka mizaz ek jaisa hai..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
In haseeniyon se pyaar kya karna…
In adayon se pyaar kya karna…
Yeh Zakhm de kar hasa karti hain….
In bewafayon se pyaar kya karna
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Dil ki chonton ne kabhi chain se rehne na diya
jab chali sard hava, maine tuje yaad kiya,
Iis ka rona nahi kyon tumne kiya dil barbaad
iis ka gum hain ki bahot der mein barbaad kiya
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
kya din the woh zindgi ke jab tum hamare saath the
apne haathon mein leke chalte tumhara haath the
ai khuda mujhe mere woh din lauta de
mujhe meri zindgi lauta de
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aapke khayalonse fursat nahi milti… hame ek pal ki raahat nahin milti…
mil to jata hai sab kuch..bas aapki ek jhalak nahin milti.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Kya zamana tha hum roz mila karte the Raat bhar chand ke hamrah chala karte
the Dekh ke jo hame chup chap guzar jata hai Kabhi is saksh se hum pyar kiya
karte the.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aapko miss karna roz ki bat ho gai, yaad karna aadat ki bat ho gai, apse
dur rahena kismat ki bat ho gai, magar aapko bhulna apane bas ke bahar ki baat
ho gai!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Kuch bikhre Sapne hai,
Kuch tuti Yaadein hai..
Ek chota sa aasman aur ek ummeed ki zamin hai..
Yu toh bahut kuch hai zindagi mei,
sirf jise chahte hai Usiki kami hai…
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Do kadam to sab chalte hai per zindagi bhar sath koi ni nibhata..
Agar ro kar bhulai jati yaadein,
to has kar gum koi nahi chupata..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Kuch aise din b meri zindagi mei aaye hai..
Aankhe jab roti hai honth muskaraye hai,
sabse jyada jo dur gaye mere daman se,
jaane ku sabse adhik yaad wahi aaye hai..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Hichkiyon se ek baat ka ehsaas hai ke shayad koi hamen yaad to karta
hai beshak milne na aaye per chandh lamhen hum per barbaad to karta hai.!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aey Zindagi Bata Tujhko…
Kaise Ye Samjhaaye,
Jab Raaste Na Mile To,
Khud K Raaste Banaye…
Na Chaand Saathi Hai Jo Har Raat Saath Nibhaaye,
Mauka Milte Hi Vo Bhi Kahi Baadalo Me Chip Jaaye…
Na Wakt Saath Hai Jo Tere Liye Theher Jaaye,
Na Kismat Se Hai Yaari,
K Jo Tu Chahe Vahi Paaye….
Aey Zindagi Bata Tujhko,
Kaise Ye Samjhaaye…..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aandhiyon me bhi jaise kuch chirag jala kartey hai,
Utni hi himmat e hausla hum bhi rakha kartey hai,
Manzilon abhi aur dur hai hamari Manzil,
Chaand sitarey to raahon me mila kartey hai.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Yehi Wafaa Ka Silaah Hai, To Koi Baat Nahi
Yeh Dard Tum Ne Diya Hai, To Koi Baat Nahi
Yehi Bohot Hai Ke Tum Dekhte Ho Sahil Se
Safeena Doob Raha Hai, To Koi Baat Nahi
Rakha Tha Aashiyana-E-Dil Main Choopa Ke Tumko
Woh Ghar Tumne Chor Diya Hai To Koi Baat Nahi
Tum Hi Ne Aayena-E-Dil Mera Banaya Tha
Tum Hi Ne Tor Diya Hai To Koi Baat Nahi
Kiski Majaal Ki Koi Mujh Ko Deewana Kahe
Agar Yeh Tumne Kaha Hai To Koi Baat Nahi.
Dil ko AADAT si ho gayi hai chott khane ki,
bhigi hui palko ke saath muskurane ki,
kaash anjaam-e-wafa pahale se jaan jate,
toh…
koshish bhi nahi karte dil lagane ki!! ”
Ek lamhe main unhone humari zindagi savar di,
ek lamhe main unhone humari zindagi ujaad di,
kusoor unka nahi humara hai…………..,
jo un do lamho main humne humari zindagi gujaar di.”
jaate jaate ekk karam humpar bhi karjana..
phir aoge milne humse ye waada karjaana..
abb mulakhaat hogi shaher.e.khamusha me phir,
aansu bahakar na sahi aakar muskurakar chali jana..
sab phool rakhkar khabr par muhabbat jatate hain,
tum pattharo se apne pyar ka izhaar karjaana…
Khalid
Nigahon ke raaste tu shamil hai mujh mein,
Nigahon se mujh ko hataa tau na do ge?
Dekho ge jo mujh ko aankhon se tum,
Dil ko mere, chura tau na lo ge?
Saanson se mujh ko, chhoo lo ge ik din,
Bataao mujhe tum,dhoka tau na do ge?
Zalim hai duniya,kadha ye safar hai,
Raasta kabhi tum,badal tau na lo ge?
Lehron mein kashti,jo dagmagaa gai bolo,
Patvaar ban kar,sahara tum do ge?
Sahil mile ga, manzil mile gi,
Jeevan bhar tum, chaha jo karo ge(mkm
Her Pal Gamo Ki Yaad Me Jalti Hai Zindgi. Bas Mom Ki Tarah Pighalti Hai Zindgi. Kya Raaz Hai Ye Isqh Hua Hai Jab Se, Barbadiyo Ki Raah Pe Bas Chalti Hai Zindgi.
______________________________________________
Kbhi To Dil Udas Hota He Hlka Sa Ankhon Ko Ehsas Hota He Chalakte He Meri Bi Ankhon S Ansu Jb Kise S Dur Hone Ka Ehasas Hota He.
______________________________________________
Ishq Pane Ki Tamanna Me,Kabhi Kabhi Zindagi Khilona Ban Jati He,Jise Dil Me Basana Chahte He,Wo Surat Sirf Yaad Bankar Reh Jati He.
______________________________________________
Aae Dil Tu Mohabbat Karta Kyu Hai,Jo Karta Hai To Phir Tadapta Kyu Hai,Jo Baith Gaya Hai Dil Me Pyaar Ka Dard Ban Kar,Woh Aankho Ke Raaste Nikalta Kyu Hai.
______________________________________________
Duaa Na Karna Hamare Liye Hamein Duaa Ki Zarurat Nahi Karni Ho To Baadduaa Karna Hamare Liye Kyon K Kisko Ab Hamari Zarurat Hi Nahi.
______________________________________________
Jab Kabhi Samne Wo Nazar Aayega,Ajnabi Ki Tarah Takra Ke Guzar Jayega,Auron Ke Liye Rakhte Hai Hoton Pe Hasi Woh,Mujhse Milega To Chehra Utar Jayega.
______________________________________________
Na Dil Raha Zakhm Uthane K Kabil Na Hum Rahe Dil Lagane K Kabil Teri Yaadon Ne Diye Zakhm Aise Na Hamein Chora Muskuraane K Kabil
Ek Awara Kiran Bhatakti Nazar Ayi Thi Jahan Sunte Hai Us Mukam Se Dariya Kareeb Tha Jaise Hi Fasal-E-Gul M Humare Kadm Pade Gulshn Ujjd Gya Yh Humara Naseeb Tha
______________________________________________
Dhoondhte Ho Kia In Aankho Mein Kahani Meri Khud Mein Gumm Rehna To Aadat Hai Purani Mer Ibheer Mein B Tumhe Mil Jaonga Aasani Se Khoye-2 Rehna Hai Nishani Meri
______________________________________________
Bus 1 Zara Khayal Is Dosti Ka Tha Wrna Bohut Gila Teri Be Rukhi Ka Tha Mujh Ko Lga Mai B Teri Zindgi M Hoon Par Ye To Koi Dhoka Meri Saadgi Ka Tha
______________________________________________
Ishq Pane Ki Tamanna Me,Kabi Kabi Zindgi Khilona Ban Jati He,Jise Dilme Basana Chahte He,Wo Surat Sirf Yad Bankar Reh Jati He.
______________________________________________
Be-Aitbar Waqt Pe Jhujhla Ke Ro Pade,Kho K Use Kabi,Kabi Pa Ke Ro Pade,Kab Tak Kisiki Yad Me Royenge,Khud Ko Kitni Bar Ye Samjha Ke Ro Pade.
______________________________________________
Pyase Ko Ek Katora Pani Kaafi Hai,Ishq Me Chaar Pal Ki Zindagani Kaafi Hai.Dubne Ko Samandar Me Jaaye Kyon,Unki Palkon Se Tapka Woh Ek Aansu Kaafi Hai
______________________________________________
Mera Naam Uske Naam Se Jud Gaya Badnam Mujhe Ye Kaam Kar Gaya Humne To Iqrar-E-Ishq Kar Bhi Diya Per Unke Inkaar Se Main Benaam Ho Gaya
______________________________________________
Kya Batau Mera Hai Haal Kaisa, Ek Din Guzarta Hai Ek Saal Jaisa, Tadapta Hoon Is Kadar Bewafaayi Me Uski, Yeh Tan Bante Jaa Raha Hai Kankaal Jaisa.
______________________________________________
Saaye Ki Tarah Saath Rehne Wale,Rishta Kuch Iss Tarah Tood Gaye,Haqikat Mein Milna Mumkin Na Raha,Toh Woh Khwabo Mein Bhi Aana Chhod Gaye
______________________________________________
Ab Ke Kerna To Aesi Chahat Kerna Jisko Aata Hee Na Ho Sikwa Shikayat Kerna Pehly Khusbu Ke Mizaj Ko Parak Lo Phir Gulistan Mein Kisi Gul Se Mohabbat Kerna
______________________________________________
Badi Mannat Se Mere Duniya Lutai Hoge..Mera Pyaar Ki Hasti Bhi Mitai Hoge Laa Tera Pairo Me Marham Laga Du Mera Dil Ko Thokar Marne Me Tumhe Chot To Aaye Hoge
______________________________________________
Usko Bas Itna Bata Dena..Itna Aasaan Nahi Hain Tumhe Bhula Dena..Teri Yaadein Bhi Tere Jaisi Hi Hain..Unhein Aata Hai Bas Rula Den
Sukhe Hue Phool Jab Kitabo Mein Mil Jayenge, Bhool Se Phir Hum Tumhe Yaad Aayenge, Ehasaas Hoga Hamari Chahat Ka, Jab Dur Bahut Hum Tumse Chale Jayenge.
Woh Pal Aisa Tha Ki Inkar Na Kar Paaye,Duniya Ke Dar Se Ikrar Na Kar Paaye… Na Thi Zindagi Jiske Bina Mumkin,Usne Chod Diya Aur Hum Sawal Na Kar Paaye.
Tere Pyaar Ko Trasa Hoon Janmon Se,Ye Chahat Hai Meri Deewaani Sanam,Tujhe Kaise Dikhaaon Eska Asar,Kaise Mar Mar Ke Jeete Rahe
Kisi Ki Kashtiyonko Kinara Nhi Milta Kisi Ko Dhondne Se Shara Nahin Milta Logon Ki Khushiya Bi Apni Hoti Ha Ihume To Gum Bi Humara Nhi Milta
Pyar Ka Ajib Sila Dia Hai Usne, Meri Tanhaiyo Me Muji Ko Rula Dia Hai Usne, Kehti Thi Meri Jaan Hai ,Aaj Usi Jaan Ko Bhula Dia Hai Usne
Woh Kya Karenge Kadar Sharike Hayat Ki.Jinki Nazar Me Pyar Ki Kimat Zahej Hai…
Jaagte Hain Tanha Raaton Me,Khote Hai Dil Unki Baaton Me,
Mili Nahi Dil Ki Manzil Aaj-Tak,
Kyunki Dard Hi Dard Likhe Hai In Haathon Me..
______________________________________________
Jab Bhi Main Khud Ko Samjhaoon,
Tu Mera Nahi Hai,
Dil Mein Koi Cheekh Uthta Hai,
Nahi Aisa Nahi Hai,
Kab Utarta Hai Koi Dil Mein Utar Jaane Ke Baad,
Ki Is Gali Ke Doosri Taraf Koi Aur Raasta Nahi Hai.
______________________________________________
Pyaar Me Ashk Bahate Kyu Hain,
Do Dil Ek Dusre Ko Tadpate Kyun Hain,
Kehte Hain Pyaar Zindagi Hai,
Toh Phir Pyaar Ko Khel Banate Kyun Hain..
______________________________________________
Mohabbat Mukaddar Hai Koi Khwab Nahiye Wo Ada Hai Jisme Sb Kamyab Nahi Jinhe Pnah Mili Unhe Ungliyo Pe Gin Lo Jo Barbad Hue Unka Hisab Nahi
______________________________________________
Woh Meri Muskurahat Par Nisar Ho Gaye Hum Bhi To Unke Liye Bekarar Ho Gaye Humne To Kar Liya Pyar Unse.Woh Kisi Aur Ka Pyar Ho Gaye.
______________________________________________
Jine Ki Khwaish Me Har Roz Marte He,
Wo Ayen Na Ayen Ham Intzar Karte He,
Jutha Hi Sahi Mere Yar Ka Vada,
Ham Sach Mankar Aitbar Karte He..
Unhone Apna Kabhi Banaya Hi Nhi,Jhoota Hi Sahi Pyar Dikhaya Hi Nhi.Galtiyan Apni Maan Bhi Jate,Par Kya Kare,Kasoor Hamara Hume Unhone Bataya Hi Nhi
______________________________________________
Waqt Ne Sari Kahani Hi Badal Dali,Pyar Ka Naam Jo Aata Hai To Dar Lagta Hai,Zakham Kuch Aise Bhi Apno Ne Diye Hai Mujhko,Ab Koi Haath Milata Hai To Dar Lagta Hai
______________________________________________
Muhabbat Ki Saza Bay Misaal Di Us Ne Udas Rahni Ki Adat Daal Di Us Ne Jab Mare Jism Per Wo Apne Zakham Daikh Chukkato Jaan Bhooj Kar Kantoo Ki Shal Daal Di Us Ne
______________________________________________
Kuch Uljhe Hue Swalon Se Drta He Dil,Na Jane Tnhai Me Bikhrta Hai Dil,Unko Pane Ka Khayal Koi Bdi Bat Nhi Bs Unko Kho Dene Ke Khayal Se Drta Hai Dil.
______________________________________________
Kya Zamaana Tha,Ke Hum Roz Mila Karte The,Raat Bhar Chaand Ke Humraaz Phira Karte The,Dekh Kar Aaj Jo Hume Chup Chaap Guzar Jate Hai,Kabhi Us Shaks Se Hum Pyaar Kiya Karte The.
______________________________________________
Tumhe Ab Bhul Hi Jaye To Acha Haiyeh Faslay Aur B Bar Jaye To Acha Hai Teri Chahatain Hum Ko Nahi Hasil To Ab Ghair He Bun Jaye To Acha.
Kaun Chahta Hai Kisi Se Dil Lagana Magar Ye Pyar 1-Din Sabko Ho Hi Jaata Hai Kaun Chahta Hai Apna Dil Dukhana Magar Ye Pyar Sabko Rona Sikha Hi Deta Hai…
______________________________________________
Maine Pyar Or Ishq Nahi Ibadat Ki He Rasmo Riwajo Se Bagawat Ki He Manga Tha Humne Jise Apni Duwao Me Usi Ne Mujse Juda Hone Ki Chahat Ki He
______________________________________________
Pas Akar Sabhi Door Chale Jate Hai,Hum Akele The Akele Reh Jate Hai,Dil Ka Dard Kise Dikhaye,Murham Lagaane Wale Hi Zakhm De Jaate Hai
______________________________________________
Har Dilme Dard Chupa Hota He Bayan Krne Ka Andaz Juda Hota He Kuch Log Ashko Me Dard Ko Baha Dete Heor Kisika Dard Hasi Me Chupa Hota He
______________________________________________
Aankho Me Raha Dil Me Utar Kar Nahi Dekha,Kashti Ke Musafir Ne Samander Nahi Dekha,Yaaro Ki Yaari Ka Yakine Kar Liya Maine,Unki Baaho Me Chhupa Khanjar Nahi Dekha.
______________________________________________
Gunah Karke Saza Se Darte Hain,Pee Ke Zeher Dawa Se Darte Hain,Dushmano Ke Sitam Ka Khauff Nahi Humko,Hum To Doston Ki Bewafai Se Darte Hain.
Yun To Guzar Raha Hai, Har Ik Pal Khushi Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyu Zindagi Ke Saath
Rishta Vafayen Dosti, Sab Kuch To Pass Hai,
Kya Baat Hai Pata Nahi, Dil Kyun Udas Hai,
Har Lamha Hai Haseen, Nayi Dilkashi Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyu Zindagi Ke Saath
Chahat Bhi Hai Sukun Bhi Hai Dilbari Bhi Hai,
Aankhon Mein Khawab Bhi Hai, Labon Par Hansi Bhi Hai,
Dil Ko Nahi Hai Koi, Shikayat Kisi Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyun Zindagi Ke Saath
Socha Tha Jaisa Vaisa Hi Jeevan To Hai Magar,
Ab Aur Kis Talaash Mein Baichain Hai Nazar,
Kudrat To Mehrban Hai, Darayadili Ke Saath,
Phir Bhi Koi Kami Si Hai, Kyun Zindagi Ke Saath
Shaher ki es daud me daud ke karna kya hai?
Jab yehi jeena hai dosto to phir marna kya hai?
Paheli barish me train late hone ki fikr hai
Bhul gaye bhigte hue tahelna kya hai?
Serails ke kirdaaro ka saara haal hai malum
par maa ka haal puchhne ki fursat kise hai?
Ab ret pe nage pao tahelte kyu nahi?
108 hai chanel phir dil bahelte kyu nahi?
Internet ki duniya ke to touch me hai,
lekin pados me kon raheta hai jaante tak nahi.
Mobile, Landline sab ki bharmaar hai,
Lekin jigri dost tak pahuche aise taar kaha hai?
Kab dubte hue suraj ko dekha tha yaad hai?
Kab jaana tha shaam ka woh banana kya hai?
To Dosto Shaher ki es daud me daud ke karna kya hai
Jab yahi jeena hai to phir Marna kya hai?
I’m looking for a friend today,
A friend who will never stay away
I want a friend, or maybe two
I want a friend just like you
I’m looking for a friend, you see
A friend who needs someone like me
I want this friend, i really do
But i want a friend just like you
Im looking for a friend sincere
A friend who’ll always bring good cheer
I want a friend who wants me too
I want a friend who’s just like you
Im looking for a friend whos good
Who does the things a kind friend should
I want a friend who’s happy too
I want a friend just like you.
Im looking for a loving friend,
Who will not let our friendship end
I want a friend whos always true
I think i found my friend- its you!
–
Note:
I AM SHARING WHAT WAS SHARED WITH ME!
Sari duniya se ham anjaan bane unke liye.Hamse wahi ab anjaan bane bathe hai.
E dil ab aur intzaar matkar.Lagta hai woh kisi aur ke mehman bane bathe hai…
Zindgi ki kashti kab lage kaun se kinare,kab ise milengi manchahi bahare.
Jeena to padega hi kaise bi pyare,kabhi dosto ki bheed me to kabhi tanhai k sahare….
Zarurat hi nai alfaaz ki,dosti to cheez hai bas ehsaas ki,
paas hote to manzar hi kya hota, dur se hi khabar hai hume aapki har saans ki…
Tere shahr ka mausm bada suhana lage, ek sham chura lu agar bura na lage,
tere bas me ho bhul jana mujhe, tujhe bhul jane me shayad mujhe jamana lage
Dua hai Ki Kamyabi ke har sikhar pe aap ka naam hoga, aapke har kadam par duniya ka salam hoga,
Himat se mushkilon ka samana karna hamari dua hai ki waqt bhi ek din aapka gulam hoga.
Men love because they are afraid of themselves, afraid of the loneliness that lives in them, and need someone in whom they can lose themselves as smoke loses itself in the sky
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Dil ka kya hai wo to, ap ko hi sochta hai
Katha nahi hai ye, ek saath pane ki khawisk baki hai
Saath reh sake mumkin nahi hai per ,Zindagi me chahat abhi bhi baki hai
Hum un kush nasib valoon me hai , jinke dil me kasak abi be baaki hai
Zindagi katam kar deena tik nahi hoga ,kyo ki ek muluqat abi bhi baki hai,
Khuda se khena dua kabol kare, ki kayi armaan abi bhi baki hai
Agar kar sake to itna kar, manzoor kar fariyad,
ki milna abhi be baki hai,Agar poori na karska ye khawish to yaad rakh
ki ek insaan ka karz abi bhi baki hai.
Doobe hua hamare sitare hain,
Kya gam hi naseeb mein hamare hain?
Tair rahe hain thak kar bhi,
Isi ummed mein ke dariya-e-gham ke bhi kahin kinaare hain,
Jaane kab khushi ka saamnaa hoga,
Jahan tak nazar jaati hai bas bebasi ke hi nazaare hain….
hum sirf aapke sahaare hai…… hum sirf aapke sahaare hai..
Ghalib sun! yeh duniya hai… duniya!,
duniya meiN ghum chhupanA padta hai,
dil main chahe lakh ghum ho,
mehfil meiN muskarAna hi padta hai
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
AshkoN ko humne kayi baar roka,
phir bhi na jane kyoN ankheN dhoka de gayi,
Bharosa to tha hameiN apne aap par magar,
unka zikr aate hi naa jane kyoN palkeN nam ho gayi.
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
Don’t lower your Goals to the level of your abilities.
Instead, raise your abilities to the height of your goals
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
Dilon se khelne ka hunar hume nahi aata
Isiliye ishq ki baazi hum haar gaye
Meri zindagi se shayad unhe bahut pyar tha
Isiliye mujhe zinda hi maar gaye….
 ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*
 Zindagi mein ek haseen galti kar baithe
Hum nadani mein pyar kar baithe
Dil ko apne khud thokar maar baithe
Ek bewafaa se murhum ki umeed kar baithe
Yeh mera dil is dil ki halat kaise bataun tumhe
ye dil ab dil na raha di ki awaz kaise sunaun tumhe
kishi ke mohabat main thukraya gaya hai ye
ye dil mein jo dard hai kaise dekhaun tumhe
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Zakhm dene ka andaz kuch aisa hai.
Zakhm dekar puchte hai ab hal kaisa hai.
Kisi ek se gila kya karna yaro,
sari dunia ka mizaz ek jaisa hai..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
In haseeniyon se pyaar kya karna…
In adayon se pyaar kya karna…
Yeh Zakhm de kar hasa karti hain….
In bewafayon se pyaar kya karna
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Dil ki chonton ne kabhi chain se rehne na diya
jab chali sard hava, maine tuje yaad kiya,
Iis ka rona nahi kyon tumne kiya dil barbaad
iis ka gum hain ki bahot der mein barbaad kiya
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
kya din the woh zindgi ke jab tum hamare saath the
apne haathon mein leke chalte tumhara haath the
ai khuda mujhe mere woh din lauta de
mujhe meri zindgi lauta de
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aapke khayalonse fursat nahi milti… hame ek pal ki raahat nahin milti…
mil to jata hai sab kuch..bas aapki ek jhalak nahin milti.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Kya zamana tha hum roz mila karte the Raat bhar chand ke hamrah chala karte
the Dekh ke jo hame chup chap guzar jata hai Kabhi is saksh se hum pyar kiya
karte the.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aapko miss karna roz ki bat ho gai, yaad karna aadat ki bat ho gai, apse
dur rahena kismat ki bat ho gai, magar aapko bhulna apane bas ke bahar ki baat
ho gai!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Kuch bikhre Sapne hai,
Kuch tuti Yaadein hai..
Ek chota sa aasman aur ek ummeed ki zamin hai..
Yu toh bahut kuch hai zindagi mei,
sirf jise chahte hai Usiki kami hai…
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Do kadam to sab chalte hai per zindagi bhar sath koi ni nibhata..
Agar ro kar bhulai jati yaadein,
to has kar gum koi nahi chupata..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Kuch aise din b meri zindagi mei aaye hai..
Aankhe jab roti hai honth muskaraye hai,
sabse jyada jo dur gaye mere daman se,
jaane ku sabse adhik yaad wahi aaye hai..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Hichkiyon se ek baat ka ehsaas hai ke shayad koi hamen yaad to karta
hai beshak milne na aaye per chandh lamhen hum per barbaad to karta hai.!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aey Zindagi Bata Tujhko…
Kaise Ye Samjhaaye,
Jab Raaste Na Mile To,
Khud K Raaste Banaye…
Na Chaand Saathi Hai Jo Har Raat Saath Nibhaaye,
Mauka Milte Hi Vo Bhi Kahi Baadalo Me Chip Jaaye…
Na Wakt Saath Hai Jo Tere Liye Theher Jaaye,
Na Kismat Se Hai Yaari,
K Jo Tu Chahe Vahi Paaye….
Aey Zindagi Bata Tujhko,
Kaise Ye Samjhaaye…..
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Aandhiyon me bhi jaise kuch chirag jala kartey hai,
Utni hi himmat e hausla hum bhi rakha kartey hai,
Manzilon abhi aur dur hai hamari Manzil,
Chaand sitarey to raahon me mila kartey hai.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
Yehi Wafaa Ka Silaah Hai, To Koi Baat Nahi
Yeh Dard Tum Ne Diya Hai, To Koi Baat Nahi
Yehi Bohot Hai Ke Tum Dekhte Ho Sahil Se
Safeena Doob Raha Hai, To Koi Baat Nahi
Rakha Tha Aashiyana-E-Dil Main Choopa Ke Tumko
Woh Ghar Tumne Chor Diya Hai To Koi Baat Nahi
Tum Hi Ne Aayena-E-Dil Mera Banaya Tha
Tum Hi Ne Tor Diya Hai To Koi Baat Nahi
Kiski Majaal Ki Koi Mujh Ko Deewana Kahe
Agar Yeh Tumne Kaha Hai To Koi Baat Nahi.
Dil ko AADAT si ho gayi hai chott khane ki,
bhigi hui palko ke saath muskurane ki,
kaash anjaam-e-wafa pahale se jaan jate,
toh…
koshish bhi nahi karte dil lagane ki!! ”
Ek lamhe main unhone humari zindagi savar di,
ek lamhe main unhone humari zindagi ujaad di,
kusoor unka nahi humara hai…………..,
jo un do lamho main humne humari zindagi gujaar di.”
jaate jaate ekk karam humpar bhi karjana..
phir aoge milne humse ye waada karjaana..
abb mulakhaat hogi shaher.e.khamusha me phir,
aansu bahakar na sahi aakar muskurakar chali jana..
sab phool rakhkar khabr par muhabbat jatate hain,
tum pattharo se apne pyar ka izhaar karjaana…
Khalid
Nigahon ke raaste tu shamil hai mujh mein,
Nigahon se mujh ko hataa tau na do ge?
Dekho ge jo mujh ko aankhon se tum,
Dil ko mere, chura tau na lo ge?
Saanson se mujh ko, chhoo lo ge ik din,
Bataao mujhe tum,dhoka tau na do ge?
Zalim hai duniya,kadha ye safar hai,
Raasta kabhi tum,badal tau na lo ge?
Lehron mein kashti,jo dagmagaa gai bolo,
Patvaar ban kar,sahara tum do ge?
Sahil mile ga, manzil mile gi,
Jeevan bhar tum, chaha jo karo ge(mkm
Her Pal Gamo Ki Yaad Me Jalti Hai Zindgi. Bas Mom Ki Tarah Pighalti Hai Zindgi. Kya Raaz Hai Ye Isqh Hua Hai Jab Se, Barbadiyo Ki Raah Pe Bas Chalti Hai Zindgi.
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Kbhi To Dil Udas Hota He Hlka Sa Ankhon Ko Ehsas Hota He Chalakte He Meri Bi Ankhon S Ansu Jb Kise S Dur Hone Ka Ehasas Hota He.
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Ishq Pane Ki Tamanna Me,Kabhi Kabhi Zindagi Khilona Ban Jati He,Jise Dil Me Basana Chahte He,Wo Surat Sirf Yaad Bankar Reh Jati He.
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Aae Dil Tu Mohabbat Karta Kyu Hai,Jo Karta Hai To Phir Tadapta Kyu Hai,Jo Baith Gaya Hai Dil Me Pyaar Ka Dard Ban Kar,Woh Aankho Ke Raaste Nikalta Kyu Hai.
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Duaa Na Karna Hamare Liye Hamein Duaa Ki Zarurat Nahi Karni Ho To Baadduaa Karna Hamare Liye Kyon K Kisko Ab Hamari Zarurat Hi Nahi.
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Jab Kabhi Samne Wo Nazar Aayega,Ajnabi Ki Tarah Takra Ke Guzar Jayega,Auron Ke Liye Rakhte Hai Hoton Pe Hasi Woh,Mujhse Milega To Chehra Utar Jayega.
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Na Dil Raha Zakhm Uthane K Kabil Na Hum Rahe Dil Lagane K Kabil Teri Yaadon Ne Diye Zakhm Aise Na Hamein Chora Muskuraane K Kabil
Ek Awara Kiran Bhatakti Nazar Ayi Thi Jahan Sunte Hai Us Mukam Se Dariya Kareeb Tha Jaise Hi Fasal-E-Gul M Humare Kadm Pade Gulshn Ujjd Gya Yh Humara Naseeb Tha
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Dhoondhte Ho Kia In Aankho Mein Kahani Meri Khud Mein Gumm Rehna To Aadat Hai Purani Mer Ibheer Mein B Tumhe Mil Jaonga Aasani Se Khoye-2 Rehna Hai Nishani Meri
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Bus 1 Zara Khayal Is Dosti Ka Tha Wrna Bohut Gila Teri Be Rukhi Ka Tha Mujh Ko Lga Mai B Teri Zindgi M Hoon Par Ye To Koi Dhoka Meri Saadgi Ka Tha
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Ishq Pane Ki Tamanna Me,Kabi Kabi Zindgi Khilona Ban Jati He,Jise Dilme Basana Chahte He,Wo Surat Sirf Yad Bankar Reh Jati He.
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Be-Aitbar Waqt Pe Jhujhla Ke Ro Pade,Kho K Use Kabi,Kabi Pa Ke Ro Pade,Kab Tak Kisiki Yad Me Royenge,Khud Ko Kitni Bar Ye Samjha Ke Ro Pade.
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Pyase Ko Ek Katora Pani Kaafi Hai,Ishq Me Chaar Pal Ki Zindagani Kaafi Hai.Dubne Ko Samandar Me Jaaye Kyon,Unki Palkon Se Tapka Woh Ek Aansu Kaafi Hai
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Mera Naam Uske Naam Se Jud Gaya Badnam Mujhe Ye Kaam Kar Gaya Humne To Iqrar-E-Ishq Kar Bhi Diya Per Unke Inkaar Se Main Benaam Ho Gaya
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Kya Batau Mera Hai Haal Kaisa, Ek Din Guzarta Hai Ek Saal Jaisa, Tadapta Hoon Is Kadar Bewafaayi Me Uski, Yeh Tan Bante Jaa Raha Hai Kankaal Jaisa.
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Saaye Ki Tarah Saath Rehne Wale,Rishta Kuch Iss Tarah Tood Gaye,Haqikat Mein Milna Mumkin Na Raha,Toh Woh Khwabo Mein Bhi Aana Chhod Gaye
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Ab Ke Kerna To Aesi Chahat Kerna Jisko Aata Hee Na Ho Sikwa Shikayat Kerna Pehly Khusbu Ke Mizaj Ko Parak Lo Phir Gulistan Mein Kisi Gul Se Mohabbat Kerna
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Badi Mannat Se Mere Duniya Lutai Hoge..Mera Pyaar Ki Hasti Bhi Mitai Hoge Laa Tera Pairo Me Marham Laga Du Mera Dil Ko Thokar Marne Me Tumhe Chot To Aaye Hoge
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Usko Bas Itna Bata Dena..Itna Aasaan Nahi Hain Tumhe Bhula Dena..Teri Yaadein Bhi Tere Jaisi Hi Hain..Unhein Aata Hai Bas Rula Den
Sukhe Hue Phool Jab Kitabo Mein Mil Jayenge, Bhool Se Phir Hum Tumhe Yaad Aayenge, Ehasaas Hoga Hamari Chahat Ka, Jab Dur Bahut Hum Tumse Chale Jayenge.
Woh Pal Aisa Tha Ki Inkar Na Kar Paaye,Duniya Ke Dar Se Ikrar Na Kar Paaye… Na Thi Zindagi Jiske Bina Mumkin,Usne Chod Diya Aur Hum Sawal Na Kar Paaye.
Tere Pyaar Ko Trasa Hoon Janmon Se,Ye Chahat Hai Meri Deewaani Sanam,Tujhe Kaise Dikhaaon Eska Asar,Kaise Mar Mar Ke Jeete Rahe
Kisi Ki Kashtiyonko Kinara Nhi Milta Kisi Ko Dhondne Se Shara Nahin Milta Logon Ki Khushiya Bi Apni Hoti Ha Ihume To Gum Bi Humara Nhi Milta
Pyar Ka Ajib Sila Dia Hai Usne, Meri Tanhaiyo Me Muji Ko Rula Dia Hai Usne, Kehti Thi Meri Jaan Hai ,Aaj Usi Jaan Ko Bhula Dia Hai Usne
Woh Kya Karenge Kadar Sharike Hayat Ki.Jinki Nazar Me Pyar Ki Kimat Zahej Hai…
Jaagte Hain Tanha Raaton Me,Khote Hai Dil Unki Baaton Me,
Mili Nahi Dil Ki Manzil Aaj-Tak,
Kyunki Dard Hi Dard Likhe Hai In Haathon Me..
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Jab Bhi Main Khud Ko Samjhaoon,
Tu Mera Nahi Hai,
Dil Mein Koi Cheekh Uthta Hai,
Nahi Aisa Nahi Hai,
Kab Utarta Hai Koi Dil Mein Utar Jaane Ke Baad,
Ki Is Gali Ke Doosri Taraf Koi Aur Raasta Nahi Hai.
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Pyaar Me Ashk Bahate Kyu Hain,
Do Dil Ek Dusre Ko Tadpate Kyun Hain,
Kehte Hain Pyaar Zindagi Hai,
Toh Phir Pyaar Ko Khel Banate Kyun Hain..
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Mohabbat Mukaddar Hai Koi Khwab Nahiye Wo Ada Hai Jisme Sb Kamyab Nahi Jinhe Pnah Mili Unhe Ungliyo Pe Gin Lo Jo Barbad Hue Unka Hisab Nahi
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Woh Meri Muskurahat Par Nisar Ho Gaye Hum Bhi To Unke Liye Bekarar Ho Gaye Humne To Kar Liya Pyar Unse.Woh Kisi Aur Ka Pyar Ho Gaye.
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Jine Ki Khwaish Me Har Roz Marte He,
Wo Ayen Na Ayen Ham Intzar Karte He,
Jutha Hi Sahi Mere Yar Ka Vada,
Ham Sach Mankar Aitbar Karte He..
Unhone Apna Kabhi Banaya Hi Nhi,Jhoota Hi Sahi Pyar Dikhaya Hi Nhi.Galtiyan Apni Maan Bhi Jate,Par Kya Kare,Kasoor Hamara Hume Unhone Bataya Hi Nhi
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Waqt Ne Sari Kahani Hi Badal Dali,Pyar Ka Naam Jo Aata Hai To Dar Lagta Hai,Zakham Kuch Aise Bhi Apno Ne Diye Hai Mujhko,Ab Koi Haath Milata Hai To Dar Lagta Hai
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Muhabbat Ki Saza Bay Misaal Di Us Ne Udas Rahni Ki Adat Daal Di Us Ne Jab Mare Jism Per Wo Apne Zakham Daikh Chukkato Jaan Bhooj Kar Kantoo Ki Shal Daal Di Us Ne
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Kuch Uljhe Hue Swalon Se Drta He Dil,Na Jane Tnhai Me Bikhrta Hai Dil,Unko Pane Ka Khayal Koi Bdi Bat Nhi Bs Unko Kho Dene Ke Khayal Se Drta Hai Dil.
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Kya Zamaana Tha,Ke Hum Roz Mila Karte The,Raat Bhar Chaand Ke Humraaz Phira Karte The,Dekh Kar Aaj Jo Hume Chup Chaap Guzar Jate Hai,Kabhi Us Shaks Se Hum Pyaar Kiya Karte The.
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Tumhe Ab Bhul Hi Jaye To Acha Haiyeh Faslay Aur B Bar Jaye To Acha Hai Teri Chahatain Hum Ko Nahi Hasil To Ab Ghair He Bun Jaye To Acha.
Kaun Chahta Hai Kisi Se Dil Lagana Magar Ye Pyar 1-Din Sabko Ho Hi Jaata Hai Kaun Chahta Hai Apna Dil Dukhana Magar Ye Pyar Sabko Rona Sikha Hi Deta Hai…
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Maine Pyar Or Ishq Nahi Ibadat Ki He Rasmo Riwajo Se Bagawat Ki He Manga Tha Humne Jise Apni Duwao Me Usi Ne Mujse Juda Hone Ki Chahat Ki He
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Pas Akar Sabhi Door Chale Jate Hai,Hum Akele The Akele Reh Jate Hai,Dil Ka Dard Kise Dikhaye,Murham Lagaane Wale Hi Zakhm De Jaate Hai
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Har Dilme Dard Chupa Hota He Bayan Krne Ka Andaz Juda Hota He Kuch Log Ashko Me Dard Ko Baha Dete Heor Kisika Dard Hasi Me Chupa Hota He
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Aankho Me Raha Dil Me Utar Kar Nahi Dekha,Kashti Ke Musafir Ne Samander Nahi Dekha,Yaaro Ki Yaari Ka Yakine Kar Liya Maine,Unki Baaho Me Chhupa Khanjar Nahi Dekha.
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Gunah Karke Saza Se Darte Hain,Pee Ke Zeher Dawa Se Darte Hain,Dushmano Ke Sitam Ka Khauff Nahi Humko,Hum To Doston Ki Bewafai Se Darte Hain.
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